INTRODUCTION

We may have the great honour to be present at the decline of printing as such. The books as the mass pastime have been ousted from our lives for several decades already. Modern electronic mass media (radio, television) are ousting books more and more; the bookshelves in people’s homes are getting sparse. However, several hundreds years ago the invention of printing was the initial factor that at once changed all conditions of the intellectual life of Western Europe.

The present paper is an attempt at seeing connections between the invention of printing and one of the most significant events in the life of mediaeval Europe – the Reformation. The fighting of the Catholic church against books and the creation of the powerful institution of censorship will be viewed. There will also be an attempt to view how printing stimulated the growth of national conscience and the forming of literary language. Besides that, the development of political science in the 16^th century and the formation of the bases of the future middle class and the basic political parties will be touched upon.

The  Beatles

The English ROCK MUSIC group The Beatles gave the 1960s its characteristic musical flavor and had a profound influence on the course of popular music, equaled by few performers.  The guitarists John Winston Lennon, Oct.  9, 1940;  James Paul McCartney, June 18, 1942;  and George Harrison, Feb. 25, 1943;  and the drummer Ringo Starr, Richard Starkey, July 7, 1940, were all born and raised in Liverpool.  Lennon and McCartney had played together in a group called The Quarrymen.  With Harrison, they formed their own group, The Silver Beatles, in 1959, and Starr joined them in 1962.  As The Beatles, they developed a local following in Liverpool clubs, and their first recordings, "Love Me Do" (1962) and "Please Please Me" (1963), quickly made them Britain's top rock group. Their early music was influenced by the American rock singers Chuck BERRY and Elvis PRESLEY, but they infused a hackneyed musical form with freshness, vitality, and wit.

Art in Moscow

     Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow we must  mention  the

most famous gallereys.

     The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture

gallereys in  Russia.  It takes it's name from it's founder Pavel

Tretyakov, a Moscow mercant. In the 19'th century Tretyakov began

to collect  russian paintings.  He visitet all the exibitions and

art studios and  bought  the  best  pictures.  Little  by  little

Tretyakov extended  his  interests  and  began to collect earlier

Russian paintings.  In 1881 Tretyakov opened in St.  Peterburg to

the public,  11  years later he donated it to the city of Moscow.

Since then the gallerey has received hundred paintings from  oter

museums and private collections.  The Tretyakov gallerey reflects

the whole history of Russian paintings from 11'th century to  the

present day.

AUSTRALIA.

  1. The Commonweaith of Austrelia is a self govering federal state. It is situated in the south-west of the Pasific ocean, ocuping the continent of Australia and a great number of islands of which Tasmania is the most important. Australia is a continent-island washed by the Indian and the Pasific Oceans.

  2. The country consists of 6 (six) states and 2 (two) territories. 16 million people live in Australia. The capital is Canberra. The offical language is English.

AMERICAN CHARACTER

American society seems to be much more informal than the British and, in some ways, is characterized by less social distinction. Students do not rise when a teacher enters the room. One does not always address a person by his title, such as "Major" or "General" or "Doctor" in the case of a holder of a Doctor of Philosophy degree. The re­spectful "Sir" is not always used in the northern and western parts of the country.

However, it is best to use a person's title when first meeting him/her, and then allow the person to tell you how he/she wishes to be called.

They use first names when calling each other, slap on the back, joke and are much freer in their speech, which is more  slangy than the conventional British English. You will often hear the word "Hi" (a form of greeting among friends) used instead of the usual "Hello," and "Howdy" instead of "How do you do?"

FROM THE LAND CALLED BERINGIA

Origins of Alaska’s Native Groups

No one knows exactly when people first found the land that would be called Alaska.

Some anthropologists believe that people migrated from Asia to North America as long as 40,000 years ago. Others argue it was as recent as 15,000 years ago.

Whenever, the consensus is that they came from Asia by way of a northern land bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska.

That land bridge, now recalled as Beringia, was the first gateway to Alaska. But these first visitors were hardly tourists intent on exploring new worlds. Rather they were simply pursuing their subsistence way of life as they followed great herds of grazing mammals across the grassy tundra and gentle steppes of Beringia.

They came sporadically through many millennia.. in waves of different ethnic backgrounds/generations of people and animals..hunters and hunted. As the Ice Age drew to an end and the seas claimed the land, these people moved to higher and drier places--the land that, as the continents drifted apart, would become Alaska.

Air Pollution

            Air, is the most essential element for all living organisms and yet, most humans play a big role on polluting this essential resource. Air pollution may not be as dangerous in its direct outcome as nuclear or water pollution can be, but in the long term it will have an tremendous effect on the environment and health of its organisms living in. Asthma, cancer, acid rain, and the disability to photosynthesize are only a few causes of air pollution.The atmospheric pollutants with the greatest effect onto the environment are the carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, dust particles, radioactive isotopes, and  chlorofluorocarbons. The major sources that enable carbon monoxide to enter the atmosphere are the exhausts of cars, the burning of fossil fuels, and the oxidation of natural methane. Carbon dioxide is caused by the consumption of fossil fuels only and it causes the possible greenhouse effect which has global warming as an outcome. Hydrocarbons are caused by the combustion of oil and petrol and it effects the environment with carcinogen. Carcinogen is a chemical agent that causes cancer. Sulphur dioxide is certainly one of the major atmospheric pollutants considered that it causes stinging eyes, lung damage, asthma, and acid rain. It is the result of coal-fired power stations. Nitrogen oxides that is produced by the exhaust of cars, causes pneumonia and asphyxia. The outcome of the well known dust particles is often underestimated. It is caused by industrial chimneys, car exhaust, and volcanic eruptions and it effects the environment by toxic effects and damage of the lungs. Radioactive isotopes which are caused by small quantities from nuclear waste and nuclear accidents  have an carcinogenic effect on the environment as well. The outcome of chlorfluorocarbons, which had been first discovered in the 80s is that it destroys the ozone layer. Many of those major atmospheric pollutants combined produce the dangerous and well known smoke and gas emission called smog.

The adjective expresses the categorial semantics of property of a substance. It means that each adjective used in tile text presupposes relation to some noun the property of whose referent it denotes, such as its material, colour, dimensions, position, state, and other characteristics both per­manent and temporary. It follows from this that, unlike nouns, adjectives do not possess a full nominative value. Indeed, words like long, hospitable, fragrant cannot effect any self-dependent nominations; as units of informative sequences they exist only in collocations showing what is long, who is hospitable, what is fragrant.

The semantically bound character of the adjective is emphasized in English by the use of the prop-substitute one in the absence of the notional head-noun of the phrase. E.g.:

I don't want a yellow balloon, let me have the green one over there.

On the other hand, if the adjective is placed in a nominatively self-dependent position, this leads to its substantivi­zation. E.g.: Outside it was a beautiful day, and the sun tinged the snow with red. Cf.: The sun tinged the snow with the red colour.

About Myself.

  My name is … . I’m a pupil of the 9^th form of the secondary school #****. Our school gives general education. My class used to be a specialized humanitarian class. We have special programs in Russian, Russian Literature and History. I always liked social sciences and I enjoy staying here.

   I’m fifteen. I’m tall, slim, dark-haired young lady. I’m the only child in my family and I’m very upset of this. I would like to have a sister or a brother.

  But I don’t feel alone: I have many friends in our school. We spend o lot of time together, we walk, play badminton and computer and just chatter.

   I’m fond of reading and playing computer games. I like adventure books, I’ve read most of Alexander Dumas novels. Best of all I liked "The Three Musqueteers” and "The Black Tulip”. At the present time I’m reading the detective stories of Sydney Sheldon.

  I like cooking. I can make pizza and sweet small cakes. My mother says that I do it better than she does.

   I’m very active and like sports. I like to play tennis, badminton, to ride a bicycle and to swim. My new hobby is roller-skating and we have a lot of fun with my friends.

A question of taste. Fashion.

Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people, who say they don’t care what they wear, choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day.

What influences our choice of clothes is an interesting question. I believe that most of the people do not follow the fashion displayed on the catwalk. That kind of clothes is the product of famous high-class designers’ work, it is more often very extravagant and extremely expensive. It is also not designed to be worn every day, but it is suitable some special occasions.

However, we definitely get fashion ideas from music clips, videos, books and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. For example it is known that more sunglasses were sold in America after the movie Man In Black. Sometimes a trend is world-wide. Back in the 50-s teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.