The general principles …1…… awards were laid down by Alfred Nobel in his will. In 1900 ………2……… rules of interpretation and administration were agreed upon between the executors, …………3………… of the prize ……4……, and the Nobel family and were confirmed by the king in council. These statutory rules have on the whole remained unchanged but have been ………5…. modified in application.
……6……… a prize is withheld until the following year; if not then awarded it is paid back into the funds. Two prizes in the same field can thus be awarded in one year.
In some instances governments forbid their ……7……… to accept Nobel Prizes. Those who win a prize are …8………entered into the list of Nobel laureates with the remark” declined the prize”. Motives for ……9…………… may vary, but the real reason has mostly been external pressure. In some cases, the …10…… has later explained his situation and on ……11……… received the Nobel gold medal and the diploma - but not the money, which had reverted to the funds.

LIST OF WORDS
1)govern 2)supplement 3) present 4) award 5) some 6) time 7) nation 8) never 9)accept 10) refuse 11)apply

Text 2

In November 1999, a collection of 50,000 __(1)_________ ,
students, anarchists and ordinary members of the public gathered in Seattle, USA, to protest against a __(2)___ there of the World Trade Organisation.
The demonstration began ___(3)__ , but by the end of the day, ___(4)__ had smashed shop windows and destroyed property, the police had fired plastic bullets and gas into the crowd, and a state of civil _____(5)___ had been declared. The ‘Battle of Seattle’ is now seen as the start of a world-wide _____(6)_______ movement.
The participants of this movements are protesting about the ____(7)___ in the world economy of large ______(8)______ companies. They consider that these companies spread their own __(9)___ culture at the expense of their cultures, and that they exploit ____(10)____ countries and the environment in general.

1) environment 2) meet 3) peace 4) protest 5) emerge
6) global 7)dominate 8) nation 9) west 10) develop

Task 3

Florence Nightingale
Born in Florence, Italy, on May 20, 1820, Florence Nightingale was raised……1… in Derbyshire, England, and received a thorough ……2…… education from her father. In 1849 she went abroad to study the European hospital system, and in 1850 she began training in …3…… at the Institute in Alexandria, Egypt. She …4……studied at the Institute for Protestant Deaconesses in Germany.
Florence Nightingale’s ………5 …… to the evolution of nursing as a profession was ………6…………. Before she undertook her reforms, nurses were untrained…7………. who considered their job an unpleasant task; through her efforts the stature of nursing was raised to a ……8 ........... profession with high standards of education and important ………9………. She received many honours from foreign governments and in 1907 became the …10…. woman to receive the British Order of Merit

1) most 2) class 3) nurse 4) sequence 5) tribute
6) value 7) person 8) medicine 9) respond 10) one

Text 4

Hammurabi
Hammurabi is a king of Babylonia, and the greatest …1.. in the first Babylonian dynasty who lived ……2……….. about 1792-1750 BC. He extended his empire …3…….. from the Persian Gulf through the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys and …………4….. to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. After ………5…….. his achievements under a central government at Babylon, he devoted his energies to protecting his…6… and developing the internal prosperity of the empire. …………7…… his long reign he ………8………. supervised navigation, irrigation, agriculture, tax collection, and the erection of many temples and other buildings. Although he was a successful military leader and …9………….., Hammurabi is …10……… remembered for his codification of the laws governing Babylonian life – the Code of Hammurabi.

1) rule 2) approximate 3) north 4) west 5) solid
6) front 7) through 8) person 9) administer 10) prime

Text 5

Jeans
American dress is distinctive because of its ……1…… Blue jeans are probably the single most representing article of American ……2……. They were originally invented by tailor Jacob Davis, who together with dry-goods ……3…… Levi Strauss patented the idea in 1873 as ……4…...clothing for miners. Blue jeans spread among workers of all kinds in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially among cowboys, farmers,……5….. and railroad workers. But it was Marlon Brando and James Dean, who made blue jeans fashionable by wearing them in ………6….., and jeans became part of the image of teenage ………7………. In the 1960s and 1970s Levi’s became a fundamental part of youth culture focused on civil rights and ……8……… protests.
By the late 1970s, almost everyone in the USA wore blue jeans, and youths around the world sought them. By ………9…… the right label and achieving the right look, blue jeans, despite their worker origins, ironically symbolized the status ………10………… of American fashion and the eagerness to approximate the latest vogue.

1) casual 2) cloth 3) sell 4) duration 5) log
6) move 7) rebel 8) war 9) light 10) conscious

Key to exercises

Text 1
1- governing 2 – supplementary 3 - representatives 4 - awarders
8 - nevertheless 9 - non-acceptance 10 – refuser 11- application

Text 2
1 – environmentalists 2 –meeting 3 – peacefully 4 – protestors 5 – emergency
6 – anti-globalisation 7 – dominance 8 – multi-national 9 – western 10 - developing

Task 3
1 – mostly 2 – classical 3 – nursing 4 – subsequently 5 – contribution
6 – invaluable 7 – personnel 8 – medical 9 – responsibilities 10 - first

Text 4

1 – ruler 2 – approximately 3 – northward 4 – westward 5 – consolidating
6 – frontiers 7 – throughout 8 – personally 9 – administrator 10 - primarily

Text 5

1 – casualness 2- clothing 3 - salesman 4 – durable 5- loggers
6 – movies 7 – rebelliousness 8 – antiwar 9 – highlighting 10- consciousness